Disrupt means, to interrupt by causing a disturbance or problem.
The answer to this would be A, because they began to spread westward once they decided to head away from the Arctic.
I believe people who practice Judaism read the Torah for guidance.
Abrasion is caused by the effects of wind and sand.
Islam became part of North African cultures due to the geographical location and due to the spread of refugees from Saudi Arabia and other countries in Asia. North Africa was one of the first countries that Islam spread to other than Asia.