Hi! The cultural aspects of the ciry-state impact the from of government because the greeks were in some ways independently -minded and developed a culture of individual freedom where it was considered by many a disgrace to work for someone else. This independence led the lower classes to want to participate in government, and promoted democracy - not today's representative democracy where a member of parliament is supposed to represent the citizens within an electorate, but rather direct democracy, where all the citizens met in assembly each fortnight and made decisions directly on matters put to them by a council, which latter saw to the implementation of their decisions. So I hope that help :)
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The battle of the Somme was considered a significant moment in WW1 because it was 141 days long and the first time tanks were mobilised in battle
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Portugal and Spain both wanted to control the trade routes with Asia. Spain established colonies, while Portugal only established forts.
I'm a fan of historian Michael Wood! One of my favorite items from him was the BBC documentary series, "In the Footsteps of Alexander the Great."
The quote you mention from Wood comes from his historical researches regarding India. (You could also look for his BBC documentary series, "The Story of India.") The "rejection of a whole way of understanding history" was the way that Wood described the actions of Asoka (or Ashoka -- you'll see both spellings). Asoka was ruler from 268 to 232 BC of lands that would later become known as India. Asoka was a great conqueror but also someone who found enlightenment through Buddhism. After conquering the Kalinga region in eastern India, rather than feeling some great rush of pride or accomplishment because of their victory, Asoka felt guilty. So he worked hard to improve the lives of the Kalinga people that he had conquered. This was what Wood was referring to when he said Asoka's attitude/approach "was a rejection of a whole way of understanding history." Conquest was not something to be celebrated triumphantly. Rather, the conquerors had an obligation to those whom they had conquered.
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Andrew Johnson's Restoration Plan allowed southern voters to elect former Confederate states as representatives. Series of laws passed by new Southern state legislatures that severely limited African Americans rights.