<span>Expansion efforts originated in the city of Medina. This is true because it is the area on the map that is shaded the darkest, indication that it was conquered by A.D 637</span>
Transformation in thinking that occurred in the 1500's and 1600's caused by scientific observation, experimentation, and questioning of traditional opinions. It changed the way Europeans looked at the world. What did the Greek astronomer Ptolemy believe? He believed the Earth was the center of the universe.
