When using horizontal differentiation, a firm divides itself into sub units based on function, type of business, or Geographic area
Horizontal Differentiation :
Horizontal differentiation refers to distinctions in products that cannot be easily evaluated in terms of quality. This stands in contrast to vertical differentiation, where the distinctions between products are objectively measurable and are based in the products' respective level of quality. Horizontally differentiated products vary only marginally, as it's more efficient for producers to try to capture as many new consumers as possible with minimal additional costs. While horizontally differentiated products tend to command similar prices at equilibrium, the lack of relationship to quality does not necessarily imply that they cost the same -- two products may be virtually identical in all considerations except for color or flavor and still be offered at totally different prices.
What is meant by geographical area?
Geographical Area means an area covering all or part of the territory of a Member State or extending to all or part of the territory of other Member States.
An area of land that can be considered as a unit for the purposes of some geographical classification.
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Answer:
The statement is: False.
Explanation:
Behavioral economics is a psychological approach of business that examines whether individuals' assumptions on utility and profit maximization reflect their behavior and of they maximize their expected utility.
Neoclassical economics, on the other hand, refers to cost production as the most important factor in the product's price. Neoclassicals believe the price is the consumers' main driver in their decision-making.
Thus, <em>neoclassicals and behavioral economists have different focuses in business.</em>
Census-Related Fraud.
Government Grant Scams.
Investment Scams.
Lottery and Sweepstakes Scams.
Charity Scams.
Pyramid Schemes.
Ponzi Schemes.
Ticket Scams.
Proforma statements are those that depict proposed transactions' results as if they had already happened.
<h3>What are
Proforma statements?</h3>
There are several aspects of corporate decision-making that rely heavily on figures. You must show that your ideas are financially sound in order to gain support from important stakeholders, attract investors, and strategically plan.
A historical snapshot of a company's performance can be provided by some financial documents, such as balance sheets, income statements, cash flow statements, and annual reports, but they sometimes lack the ability to provide foresight when making future planning decisions. Because of this, professionals frequently use predictions and financial projections to inform their decisions and provide crucial "what if" scenarios. A frequent kind of projection that can be helpful in these circumstances is pro forma financial statements.
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Answer:
0.097 OR 9.7%
Explanation:
Cost of Equity using CAPM-
Re = Rf + Beta (Rpm)
where,
Rf = Risk free return = 6%,
Rpm = Risk premium = 4%,
Beta = 0.9
Therefore,
Re = .06 + .9 (.04)
= 9.6%
Unlevered cost of equity:
ReU = Wd × rd + We × re
where,
ReU = Unlevered cost of equity,
Wd = Debt = 20%
rd = cost of debt = 8%
We = equity = 80%
re = cost of equity = 9.6%
Therefore,
ReU = 0.20 × 8% + .80 × 9.6%
= 9.28%
Levered cost of Equity:
New Debt = 60%,
New Equity = 40%,
New rd = 9%
ReL = ReU + (ReU - rd) (D ÷ E)
= 9.28% + (9.28% - 9%) (0.60 ÷ 0.40)
= 0.097 OR 9.7%