Over 150 years ago, Abraham Lincoln and Stephan A. Douglas held seven debates as they campaigned for a Senate seat in Illinois. The debates focused on the issue of slavery and its expansion into the territories. Douglas helped overturn the prohibition on slavery in the territories of Kansas and Nebraska with the Kansas-Nebraska Act. Referred to as popular sovereignty, citizens in Kansas and Nebraska, not the federal government, could determine whether slavery should be allowed to exist in these territories.
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African-American culture, also known as Black American culture, refers to the contributions of African Americans to the culture of the United States, either as part of or distinct from mainstream American culture. The distinct identity of African-American culture is rooted in the historical experience of the African-American people, including the Middle Passage. The culture is both distinct and enormously influential on American and global worldwide culture as a whole.
African-American culture is rooted in the blend between the cultures of West and Central Africa and the Anglo-Celtic culture that has influenced and modified its development in the American South. Understanding its identity within the culture of the United States, it is, in the anthropological sense, conscious of its origins as largely a blend of West and Central African cultures. Although slavery greatly restricted the ability of African Americans to practice their original cultural traditions, many practices, values and beliefs survived, and over time have modified and/or blended with European cultures and other cultures such as that of Native Americans. African-American identity was established during the slavery period, producing a dynamic culture that has had and continues to have a profound impact on American culture as a whole, as well as that of the broader world.[1]
Elaborate rituals and ceremonies were a significant part of African-Americans' ancestral culture. Many West African societies traditionally believed that spirits dwelled in their surrounding nature. From this disposition, they treated their environment with mindful care. They also generally believed that a spiritual life source existed after death and that ancestors in this spiritual realm could then mediate between the supreme creator and the living. Honor and prayer were displayed to these "ancient ones", the spirit of that past. West Africans also believed in spiritual possession.[2]
At the beginning of the 18th century, Christianity began to spread across North Africa; this shift in religion began displacing traditional African spiritual practices. The enslaved Africans brought this complex religious dynamic within their culture to America. This fusion of traditional African beliefs with Christianity provided a commonplace for those practicing religion in Africa and America.
A boycott is when the people openly abandon something, like a boycott on overpriced video games. A repeal, however, is where a product is taken away from the people, not by the people's choice.
The coup was the culmination of a conflict between the old and new political, economic, and social orders that had been under way since Gorbachev had risen to power in 1985. His perestroika and glasnost reforms had set in motion forces that were bound to collide at some point.
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The Cold War rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union lasted for decades and resulted in anti-communist suspicions and international incidents that led the two superpowers to the brink of nuclear disaster.
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