The ultimate source of energy (for most ecosystems) is the sun<span>. The ultimate fate of energy in ecosystems is for it to be lost as heat. Energy and nutrients are passed from organism to organism through the food chain as one organism eats another.</span>
It is translation. Transcription is from DNA to RNA and Translation is from RNA to proteins
A living organism is a cell that is similar to the humanoid ones. This excludes cells such as plant cells. A living organism also had to be able o make proteins for itself, such as humans do. A human would be a living organism. An animal would be a living organism.