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On May 17, 1954, U.S. Supreme Court Justice Earl Warren delivered the unanimous ruling in the landmark civil rights case Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas. State-sanctioned segregation of public schools was a violation of the 14th amendment and was therefore unconstitutional.
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had already spread into northern Africa by the mid-seventh century A.D., only a few decades after the prophet Muhammad moved with his followers from Mecca to Medina on the neighboring Arabian Peninsula (622 A.D./1 A.H.). The Arab conquest of Spain and the push of Arab armies as far as the Indus River culminated in an empire that stretched over three continents, a mere hundred years after the Prophet’s death. Between the eighth and ninth centuries, Arab traders and travelers, then African clerics, began to spread the religion along the eastern coast of Africa and to the western and central Sudan (literally, “Land of Black people”), stimulating the development of urban communities. Given its negotiated, practical approach to different cultural situations, it is perhaps more appropriate to consider Islam in Africa in terms of its multiple histories rather then as a unified movement.
The first converts were the Sudanese merchants, followed by a few rulers and courtiers (Ghana in the eleventh century and Mali in the thirteenth century). The masses of rural peasants, however, remained little touched. In the eleventh century, the Almoravid intervention, led by a group of Berber nomads who were strict observers of Islamic law, gave the conversion process a new momentum in the Ghana empire and beyond. The spread of Islam throughout the African continent was neither simultaneous nor uniform, but followed a gradual and adaptive path. However, the only written documents at our disposal for the period under consideration derive from Arab sources (see, for instance, accounts by geographers al-Bakri and Ibn Battuta
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Lincoln justified emancipation as a wartime measure, and was careful to apply it only to the Confederate States currently in rebellion. exempt exempt from the proclamation were the four slave states and all or parts of three Confederate states controlled by the Union army.
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Jainism was a reaction to Hinduism.
I think that's the answer.
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In order to call a study scientific, it is important to have Option C. Some measure of examining the information.
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A scientific study is usually carried out using some form of the scientific method. It requires investigating phenomena using a set of techniques that are considered methodical, systematic, and rigorous. Generally, scientists also aspire to objectivity in analyzing or investigating a subject. They try to eliminate subjective biases and chance from their research results by testing to see whether it is possible to replicate the results. Scientists like to apply the principles of logic and reasoning. Scientists often look for empirical or measurable evidence about a subject.
