Answer:
Radiation and advection
Explanation:
- Conduction: It happens when particles of matter are in direct contact, the adjacent atoms of higher energy vibrate against each other transferring energy from high to low temperature. Fluids and gases are less conductive than solids because their atoms have a greater distance. An example is the heat transferred between the electric burner of a stove and the bottom of a pan.
- Convection: Is a heat transference between a surface and a liquid or gas in motion, as the fluid/gas travels faster the transferred heat increases. An example of this transfer takes place in a forced-air furnace and weather systems.
- Advection: is similar to convection but the transfer of heat is lateral or horizontal. In the atmosphere this kind of transfer is common.
- Radiation: is the transfer through empty space, it occurs without an intervening medium when microwaves, infrared radiation, visible light or another electromagnetic radiation is emitted or absorbed. An example is the sun warming the Earth.
Advection and radiation are the primary forms of heat transfer. Convection only happens in the troposphere because horizontal heat transfer (advection) is significantly bigger. The same happens with conduction that only transfers heat in the lower layers of the atmosphere, Sun's radiation, on the other hand, gets absorbed in all the atmosphere.
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Doldrums are caused by solar radiation from the sun. Because of this the sunlight beams warms the air and causes it to rise straight up instead of side to side (horizontally).
The answer is A.it forms on the earths surface
