Answer:
The Willowbrook study refers to a 14-year research which involved the use of demented children as lab animals in an experiment involving the study of Hepatitis for the purpose of developing a cure.
For a medical practice to be ethical, it must conform to the following rules:
It must be Autonomous: Autonomy in Medicine speaks to the right of rational and psychologically healthy adults to participate in their own medical care having been informed of all the consequences. Where children and adolescents are involved, the decision has to involve their parents. All parties (especially the children) must be in sync with the ramifications of the choices and legally capable of contributing to the decision making process.
It must speak in the direction of Justice: This principle tilts heavily towards the rights of the individual. It begs the following question:
can the medical decision be considered fair to the patient if it is held under the scrutiny of the law?
- is it consistent with their legal rights?
- viewed in from a balanced societal paradigm, it is fair?
3. Beneficence: This principle takes speaks to the requirement for all medical actions and or medical experiments to keep the benefit and wellbeing of the recipient and or participant above all other considerations. That is, if it is not beneficial, if it is harmful to the recipient or participant, then it's unethical.
4. Non-maleficence: This principle is often explained alongside Beneficence. The Medical Practitioners and or the Medical researcher is required by this principle not to take any actions that will harm or put the patient in harm's way.
According to the journals which discussed the Willowbrook Incident, all the four principles above were violated.
- There was no foreseeable benefit of the experiment to the children
- The children, mentally challenged, were incapable of electing to participate or not. Even if the parents allowed it, it was still morally wrong for the experiment to have taken place given that it was not in the benefit of the children.
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<span>Alfred Adler might have said that her striving for achievement resulted from her earlier feelings of inferiority (these feelings are the comments from her teacher).</span>
A final factor was the enclosure movement. British landlords had been able to push their peasants off the land. Those peasants then became a large supply of labor that could be used to work in the new factories that were springing up. All of these factors helped make Britain the first country to industrialize.
In Sub-Saharan Africa, urbanization is increasing.
The effect have on our Odds Ratio is The OR would move away form 1 .
<h3>
What is Case-Control Studies?</h3>
Case-control studies are an example of observational studies. In this kind of studies, people are selected because of the presence or absence of a disease, searching for the previous presence of the suspected cause (exposure).
The idea is to select a group of people that has a particular condition or disease (the group of cases) and compare it with a group of persons that does not have this disease (the control group). Researchers analyses both groups and compare them in order to find some information related with the presence of previous or present exposure to factors that are considered as the cause of the disease.
<h3>What is Odds Ratio?</h3>
The variable used to estimate the relationship between the exposure and the development of the disease is called odd ratio and it is an approximation of another variable "relative risk".
The odd ratio is approximately equal to the relative risk (it means it is a good estimator) when the disease is not frequent on the population (in other words, the event under study is rare in the population) and when controls are representative of the population that give rise to the cases.
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