Answer: The bacteria transformed with this particular plasmid will form white colonies on the plates containing ampicillin and Xgal.
Explanation: The lacZ gene produces an enzyme called β-galactosidase which is responsible for the breakdown of lactose into glucose and galactose. The lacZ gene is one of the three genes (the other two being lacA and lacY) of the lac operon which is responsible for the transport and mechanism of lactose in E. coli and many other bacteria.
In recombinant DNA technology, when a plasmid is to be used to transform a host cell, such markers are used to help screen the transformed cells from the ones that have not taken up the plasmid. Xgal present in the plates is an artificial substrate which is hydrolyzed by
β-galactosidase into 5-bromo-4-chloro-indoxyl which will dimerize and oxidise into 5,5'-dibromo-4,4'dichloro-indigo. This is a blue pigment which will give blue color to the bacterial cells. Introducing a DNA fragment in this lacZ gene will make it non-functional so it will not be able to produce the enzyme.
Therefore, when a bacterial cell is transformed with a plasmid containing ampicillin resistance gene and a DNA fragment introduced in the lacZ gene and then grown on plates containing ampicillin and Xgal, white colored colonies will appear. The white colonies will show the bacterial cells that have successfully taken up the plasmid with the DNA fragment incorporated in the lacZ gene as this will render the gene non-functional and will not produce β-galactosidase which will breakdown Xgal to give blue colonies. Since the plates contain ampicillin, only the bacterial cells that have been successfully transformed with the plasmid ( the ones that have the DNA fragment and the ones without it) will grow as the ampicillin resistance will give them resistance against ampicillin in the plates. The bacterial cells that have not taken up the plasmid will not be resistant to ampicillin and will not form colonies on the plate.
This is called blue-white screening which is used to identify successfully transformed host cells. A picture of this is given in the attachment, taken from the following website:
https://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/Blue_&_White_Colonies.html
Answer:
Interphase
Explanation:
Interphase is the G1, or gap 1, phase in which the new cell grows and carries out its functions in the body; the S, or synthesis, phase when the chromosomes replicate; and the G2, or gap 2, phase, when the cell grows further and prepares to divide.
Explanation:
Eukaryotic cells have specialized mechanisms to transport molecules along with membrane-bound organelles like the endoplasmic reticulum that provide a higher surface area for absorption and enable more efficient transportation.
Their structural components (i.e. their makeup) determine their function (what they do). In specific cell types, collected proteins may function as a unit called an organelle. Some organelles are bound by membranes like those that make up the external structure of the cell, with varying compositions of phospholipids and proteins. Several organelles facilitate the digestion of nutrients into metabolites and energy...
- Step 1: Mitochondria break down food and release energy; In all eukaryotic cells mitochondria are small cellular organelles bound by membranes. The higher concentrations of reactants and solutes, increases metabolic reaction efficiency; these make most of the chemical energy required for powering the biochemical reactions within the cell. This chemical energy is obtained via the breakdown of nutrients from food, and is stored within the molecule ATP. Respiration in the mitochondria utilizes oxygen for the production of ATP in the Krebs’ or Citric acid cycle via the oxidization of pyruvate (through the process of glycolysis in the cytoplasm) where several metabolites used for building other compounds are produced.
- Step 2: Lysosomes... Some organelles separate proteins and molecules that may harm the cell by parceling them into membrane-bound organelles for example, proteases bound within lysosomes can break down many structural proteins, and carbohydrates found in food, waste, and cell components
- Step 3: Vacuoles... Vacuoles are fluid filled organelles which store concentrated amounts of solutes, and waste products. Specialized vacuoles are also used to transport components to the cell membrane for cellular export.
- Step 4: The endoplasmic reticulum... Most proteins that function in the cytosol (such as actin) or in the nucleus (such as DNA polymerase) are synthesized by free ribosomes. Proteins that function within the endomembrane system (such as lysosomal enzymes) or those that are destined for secretion from the cell (such as insulin) are synthesized by bound ribosomes in the rough endoplasmic reticulum. The rest of the ER, which does not contain ribosomes is called the smooth ER, and may contain lipids, enzymes, and other proteins. As a protein destined for the endomembrane system is being synthesized by a ribosome, the first amino acids in the growing polypeptide chain act as a signal sequence. That signal sequence ensures that the ribosome binds to the outer membrane of the ER and that the protein enters the ER lumen.
- Step 5: Golgi bodies... Like a post office, the golgi complex, or golgi body recognizes signal sequences and packages these compounds into lysosomes for delivery to their final destination. Lysosomes fuse with the plasma membrane to empty their contents into the extracellular space.
Learn more about cellular life at brainly.com/question/11259903
Learn more about mitochondria at brainly.com/question/8427362
Learn more about mitochondria and similar structures at brainly.com/question/2855039
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D) Stem cells are usually harvested from embryos.
<span>BROCA'S AREA
Broca's area or the Broca area is a region in the left frontal lobe of the dominant hemisphere of the hominid brain with functions linked to speech production.
Broca area, also called convolution of Broca, region of the brain that contains neurons involved in speech function. This was discovered in 1861 by French surgeon Paul Broca, who found that it serves a vital role in the generation of articulate speech.</span>
