The Ottoman Empire. When one European power annexed a part of its crumbling power, it caused concern that they might get it all. The other European powers wanted a chance at picking it apart too.
This event is called A-The Long March. Great Leap Forward was a program that Mao introduced once he was Chairman. Trail of Tears was in the US and that was the forced march of Native Americans.
Italian merchants wanted to avoid working with Muslim middle-men who would take a part of the profit for supplying them with Asian goods. They developed naval travel to travel on their own and increase their profit.