Oxidative phosphorylation relies on the hydrogen ion concentration gradient generated and maintained by the electron transport chain.
Hydrogen ions are actively transported out of the mitochondrial matrix.
Hydrogen ion concentration is higher in the intermembrane space than in the mitochondrial matrix.
Answer:
A frameshift changes every codon past it. A base substitution only changes one codon.
Explanation:
DNA is comprised of nucleotides (A, C, T, G) that make up amino acids. Every three bases is called a codon and represents an amino acid.
In a frameshift mutation, a nucleotide is either added or deleted from the sequence. This offsets the entire sequence after it because the reading frame shifts. Here's an example:
ACTGCTATCGTCATC
If another T is added in between the first and second codons, then every codon after will be changed.
ACT>T<GCTATCGTCATC
A substitution mutation is usually less severe, as it only alters one codon in the sequence. These occur when one nucleotide is replaced by another one. Here's an example:
ACTGCTATCGTCATC
Let's say the first G is replaced by a T.
ACT>T<CTATCGTCATC
As you can see, none of the other codons changed.
Typically, a frameshift mutation is considered worse than a substitution mutation.
Answer:
A person standing on the ground is barely affected by surface gravity
Answer:
in prokaryotic cells, the control of gene expression is mostly at the transcriptional level. ... Eukaryotic gene expression is regulated during transcription and RNA processing, which take place in the nucleus, and during protein translation, which takes place in the cytoplasm.
The mesoderm is one of the embryonic layers together with the ectoderm and endoderm. The germ layer that gives rise to muscle is the <u>mesoderm</u>.
<h3>
What is the mesoderm?</h3>
Three embryonic layers are present in the blastoderm after segmentation. One of them is the <u>mesoderm</u>, which is located between the ectoderm and the endoderm.
Different tissues and cells are formed from the mesoderm, such as muscular, skeletal, circulatory, and connective tissues.
The correct anwer is mesoderm. The embyonic germ layer that gives rise to muscle is the mesoderm.
You can learn more about mesoderm at
brainly.com/question/11237908
brainly.com/question/1537849
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