I cannot found the exercise anywhere, so I will just explain how the toxin works.
A toxin is a toxic substance made by a living organism such as a bacterium, a fungus, a plant or an animal.
Labil toxins are toxins which are by easily degraded. among these toxins, there is the toxin of Escherichia coli and the cholera toxin of <span>Vibrio cholerea.
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The intracellular target of cholera toxin is adenylate cyclase, one of the most important eukaryotic cell regulatory systems. This enzyme is involved in the conversion of ATP into a cyclic AMP (cAMP), a crucial intracellular messenger in a wide variety of cellular processes.
Cholera toxin catalyzes the transfer of ADP-ribose from NAD (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide) to a specific arginine residue of the Gsa protein, resulting in the activation of adenylate cyclase and consequently the increase of the intracellular level cAMP. AMPc activates a cAMP-dependent protein kinase, which leads to phosphorylation of the protein, modification of ion transport and finally diarrhea.
Answer:
In the past few decades, Carbon dioxide levels has been rising.
Explanation:
- Rising levels of Carbon dioxide has become an immediate concern for the Environmentalists.
- This is because carbon dioxide is a green house gas and risen levels of green house gases can lead to unusual warming up of the Earth's Atmosphere.
- This phenomenon is termed as Global warming.
- Global warming can lead to seasonal variation and melting of the ice caps to flood several continents.
- In Last few decades The levels of Carbon dioxide is rising at an alarming rate.
- This rise occurs due to the to burning of fossil fuels, combustion of fuels in automobiles, Deforestation etc
- An immediate step is needed to check this addition of carbon dioxide.
The mitochondria is the main energy-producing organlle both in plants and animals
D I think I hope this helped
Answer: Option D.
Explanation:
Insufflation is a method which is used as a route of administration for drugs through nasal cavity.
The nasal cavity is having a thin vascularised mucosal layer, therefore during Insufflation when a drug molecule is administered, it transferred quickly across the layers of epithelial cell directly into lymphatic system and starts it"s effect within 5 minutes.
Hence, Insufflation is a method which is used to absorb drugs through mucosal membrane.