Protection for offensive speech—even flag burning—is the bedrock of the First Amendment, because ideas we all share need no protection. The First Amendment protects unpopular opinions so that speakers and listeners have the freedom to decide for themselves what speech is worthwhile and what speech should be rejected.
The answer is D, the church was granted to elect and invest bishops, but the emporer could invest them with fiefs
The europeans invented and borrowed technology including the caravel and compass. Thus making it possible for ships to go on if there was winds without making any landmarks.
It's called the "volcano of water"