The existence of pre-tax cost of debt and post-tax cost of debt is due
to the acknoledgement of the tax benefit from issuing debt.There is no
tax benefit from paying divdends,so it makes no sense talking about
pre-tax,post-tax cost of equity for a firm.When you think about cash
flow to equity you can only assume that the taxes owed by the company
have already been paid.Now, the taxation over the income of the
shareholder is a whole different issue that does not take place in this
discussion,since it is not taken in consideration either in cost of
equity or cost of debt.

↦ Business is an economic activity that is directed towards acquiring and earning profit and wealth through customer's satisfaction. It plays an important role for the economic development of the country and uplift living standard of the people. Some of the functions of business are described below :
- Creation of utilities : For the fulfillment of needs of customers , business creates various types of utilities. A business has many components and each component is involved in the creation of the certain utility. For instance : manufacturers create from utility , transportation system created place utility , warehousing time utility and insurance companies risk utility.
- Generation of employment : Business is a source of employment. Various types of employees are required to a business. In industries , both skilled and unskilled manpower are required for production , distribution and auxiliaries functions. Hence , the development of industry and commerce helps to solve the unemployment problem of a nation.
- Earning Foreign Currency : Business is the main source of earning Foreign Currency. Foreign currency can be earned by exporting surplus products and services to foreign countries. The development of export trade brings favourable balance in payment.
- Provides investment opportunities : Business provides investment opportunities to the investors in production and distribution activities. Depending on the nature of investment ; investors receive dividend , interest or other financial benefits. The persons of organizations having sufficient capital can invest their money in production and commercial activities according to their interest , capability and knowledge.

- FEED YOUR BRAIN : Foods like apples , walnuts and blueberries can improve your ability to focus , retain information and remain mentally alert. ♪
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Answer:
Variable cost= $42
Explanation:
Giving the following information:
Each unit is sold for $50
Direct material worth $30
Direct labor worth $5.
Manufacturing overhead cost is $10 per unit of which 70% is variable.
The incremental cost is the variable cost (there is available capacity)
Variable cost= direct material + direct labor + variable manufacturing overhead = 30 + 5 + (10*0.7)= $42
Answer:
Sales promotion
Explanation:
Sales promotion is a marketing strategy of stimulating the demand for a product by offering attractive incentives to customers or retailers. Sales promotion aims at increasing the sales volumes of a product. It involves the use of persuasive tactics to convince the customer to buy. The effects of a sales promotion are usually short-term but may lead to the acquisition of long term customers. Some of the sales promotions commonly used include
- Issuing discount coupons.
- Free gifts
- Discount vouchers
- Loyalty cards