Question

Microbes move electrons from a reduced compound to an oxidized compound in order to release energy to do work, like make ATP. Microbes can also store energy by reducing compounds during photosynthesis. Identify whether the reactant on the left will get oxidized or reduced during metabolic processes. A Reduced Terminal electron acceptors B. Oxidized Reducing Agent |The carbon used by an organotroph MOxygen in aerobic respiration Alternative electron acceptors in anaerobic respiration IThe source of electrons |The oxygen in a water molecule during photosynthesis INAD+ during glycolysis QUESTION 6 In chemolithoautotrophic denitrification, microbes are using nitrate as an alternative electron acceptor and are using hydrogen gas as an electron donnor. In this form of anaerobic respiration, the hydrogen is getting O Oxidized Reduced

Answer 1

Explanation:

Part A

1. terminal electron acceptor -Reduced.

2 Reducing agent—oxidized

3 Carbon used by organotroph- reduced

4. O2 in aerobic respiration—reduced

5. Alternative electron acceptor in anaerobic respiration—reduced

6. The source of electrons -oxidized

7. O2 in water molecule during photosynthesis-oxidized

8. NAD' during glycolysis—reduced

In all eukaryotic cells mitochondria are small cellular organelles bound by membranes, these make most of the chemical energy required for powering the biochemical reactions within the cell. This chemical energy is stored within the molecule ATP which is produced. Respiration in the mitochondria utilizes oxygen for the production of ATP in the Krebs’ or Citric acid cycle via the oxidization of pyruvate (through the process of glycolysis in the cytoplasm). Intermediates undergo several oxidation and reduction reactions in order to produce energy in the form of ATP.

Part B

In this form of anaerobic respiration, the hydrogen is getting Oxidized.

Oxidation is the loss of electrons, thus electron donors are oxidized while the acceptors are reduced- reduction is a gain of electrons.

Within cells, aerobic respiration may not occur due to several factors, thus, they utilize other means for the generation of energy in the form of ATP and to replenish NAD+ an oxidized form of NADH, the main electron carrier in glycolysis. Pyruvate is produced in the cytoplasm via glycolysis- it is also used as an electron acceptor in a process called fermentation.

Further Explanation:

For aerobic respiration, overall: C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ≈38 ATP

Oxidative phosphorylation describes a process in which the NADH and FADH2 made in previous steps of respiration process give up electrons in the electron transport chain these are converted it to their previous forms, NADH+ and FAD. Electrons continue to move down the chain the energy they release is used in pumping protons out of the matrix of the mitochondria.

This forms a gradient where there is a differential in the number of protons on either side of the membrane the protons flow or re-enter the matrix through the enzyme ATP synthase, which makes the energy storage molecules of ATP from the reduction of ADP. At the end of the electron transport, three molecules of oxygen accept electrons and protons to form molecules of water...

• Glycolysis: occurs in the cytoplasm 2 molecules of ATP are used to cleave glucose into 2 pyruvates, 4 ATP and 2 electron carrying NADH molecules. (2 ATP are utilized for a net ATP of 2)
• The Citric acid or Kreb's cycle: in the mitochondrial matrix- 6 molecules of CO2 are produced by combining oxygen and the carbon within pyruvate, 2 ATP oxygen molecules, 8 NADH and 2 FADH2.
• The electron transport chain, ETC: in the inner mitochondrial membrane, 34 ATP, electrons combine with H+ split from 10 NADH, 4 FADH2, renewing the number of electron acceptors and 3 oxygen; this forms 6 H2O, 10 NAD+, 4 FAD.

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