Over two decades have passed since the dissolution of the communist system and the disintegration of the Soviet Union in 1991 yet there is still no consensus over the causes and consequences of these epochal (and distinct) events. As for the causes, it is easy to assume that the fall was ‘over-determined’, with an endless array of factors. It behoves the scholar to try to establish a hierarchy of causality, which is itself a methodological exercise in heuristics. However, the arbitrary prioritisation of one factor over another is equally a hermeneutic trap that needs to be avoided. Following an examination of the various ‘why’ factors, we focus on ‘what’ exactly happened at the end of the Soviet period. We examine the issue through the prism of reformulated theories of modernisation. The Soviet system was a sui generis approach to modernisation, but the great paradox was that the system did not apply this ideology to itself. By attempting to stand outside the processes which it unleashed, both society and system entered a cycle of stagnation. The idea of neo-modernisation, above all the idea that societies are challenged to come to terms with the ‘civilisation of modernity’, each in their own way, provides a key to developments. In the end the Soviet approach to this challenge failed, and the reasons for this need to be examined, but the challenge overall remains for post-communist Russia.
The Hungarian Revolution 1956 was caused by Khrushchev's attempt to reform communism.
<h3>What was Hungarian revolution 1956?</h3>
The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 was a very wide revolution which was taken against the government of the Hungarian People's Republic and domestic policies imposed by the USSR.
The main purpose of the Hungarian revolution was to protest against the oppressive policies of the communist.
Thousands of people were killed and wounded during the revolution.
Learn more about the Hungarian revolution here:-
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To revive the falling economy of the Soviet Union and bring out political reforms Michael Gorbachev introduced several ideas.
<u>Explanation:</u>
He put forward the concept of perestroika which literally meant restructure’. He intended to bring economic and political reforms within the Soviet Union. According to perestroika he loosened control over enterprises and businesses allowing businessmen and entrepreneurs more freedom to decide prices and production amount.
In 1988 Gorbachev introduced a new policy that permitted the creation of limited co-operative businesses within the union. This led to the rise of privatization in the Soviet Union. Gorbachev also relaxed trade restrictions and encouraged foreign investment. To ensure transparency within the government he called for democratic elections which was the first truly democratic elections since the Russian revolution in 1917.
Answer:
No consensus exists on how to define democracy – indeed, one study found that at least 2,234 descriptions of democracy exist in the English language - but legal equality, political freedom and rule of law have been identified as important characteristics.