Most American sailors did this because they needed to get money and make a living. Making/earning money or receiving needed materials back then was much harder than it is right now, and sailors and regular people were willing to go to extremes to get money to provide for themselves and possibly their families. The materials that were traded with foreign countries were also typically not available to receive in the US, so those who really needed them were willing to do whatever it took.
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In the year 1453 the major incident that happened was the Ottoman Turks conquered Constantinople. The correct option among all the options given in the question is option "b". The Byzantine Empire ended with the fall of Constantinople. The capital of the Byzantine Empire was captured by the Ottoman conqueror Sultan Mehmed II. Curtains came down on the great Byzantine empire and the rule of the Ottoman Turks started in Constantinople. This was a major historical event that occurred during the year 1453.
Answer:
The opposing sides were: Germany, Austria-Hungary and their allies, including Bulgaria. Great Britain, France and Russia who were known as 'The Triple Entente'.