1) Mass
2) I’m not exactly sure but I do know mass also determines the overall lifespan of a star
Answer: Development
Explanation: The human and natural resources in a developed area or country are brought to their full potential and to the benefit of the people who are citizens or residents there.
Development can be measured economically by the Gross Domestic Product GDP and by its effect on people through the Human Development Index HDI. While GDP measures the total goods and services produced, the HDI measures the level of education and opportunities available to people in the area or country.
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The countries in the Middle East that export petroleum are Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Qatar, Oman, and I think there are a few more but those are the main ones. Lots of Middle Eastern countries export it but these are the main ones. Places like Saudi Arabia and Iran have lots of oil fields available, so they would naturally export lots of petroleum.
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Because of Earth's axial tilt (obliquity), our planet orbits the Sun on a slant which means different areas of Earth point toward or away from the Sun at different times of the year. Around the June solstice, the North Pole is tilted toward the Sun and the Northern Hemisphere gets more of the Sun's direct rays.