Victorian Era was a period when Queen Victoria was on the throne of England and ruling during the industrialization period of England. The Industrial Revolution began in the second half of the eighteenth century in Europe.
During this era, magazines, novels, periodicals, etc became so popular because of all the reasons mentioned in the question. The dawn of industrial revolution gave humans a leisured time. Chores that humans used to do before with hands were done by machines, thus reducing the working time and giving leisure time, especially to women and middle class segment of society. Paper became cheap enabling cheap costs of books, magazines, etc. Machines enabled to print books and magazines in abundance quantity.
Therefore the correct answer is all the options mentioned.
