The correct answer is: Protons are pumped out of the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space
Chemiosmosis can be described as movement of ions across a selectively permeable membrane, down their electrochemical gradient. It occurs during the cellular respiration within mitochondria and it is involved in ATP synthesis (oxidative phosphorylation via ATP synthase).
Electrons from electron carriers (NADH and FADH) donate electrons to the electron transport chain and that causes changes in protein complexes of electron transport chain. As a consequence, protein complexes pump H+ across a selectively permeable cell membrane from the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space of mitochondria.
H+ can only get back and pass through the inner mitochondrial membrane with the help of ATP synthase (down their electrochemical gradient). ATP synthase turned by the force of the H+ diffusing through it forms ATP by adding a phosphate to ADP.
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<span><span>Clouds of gas form within galaxies.
</span><span>Formation of structure within the gas clouds, due to "turbulence" and activity of new stars.
</span><span>Random turbulent processes lead to regions dense enough to collapse under their own weight, in spite of a hostile environment.
</span><span>As blob collapses, a disk forms, with growing "protostar" at the center.
</span><span>At the same time, bipolar outflows from forming star/disk system begin.
</span><span>Material is processed, moving in from the blob to the disk. What is not lost in the outflow builds up on the protostar.
</span><span>When the protostar begins to undergo fusion, it becomes a real star.
</span><span>Once the outflow ceases and the "accretion" phase that lead to the buildup of the star ends, a disk of "leftover" material is left around the star.
</span><span>At or near the end of the star-formation process, the remaining material in the "circumstellar disk" (a.k.a. "protoplanetary disk") forms a variety of planets.
</span><span>Eventually, all that is left behind is a new star, perhaps some planets, and a disk of left-over ground-up solids, visible as a "Debris Disk"around stars other than the Sun, and known as the "Zodaical Dust Disk" around the Sun.</span></span>
