To answer your first question, Article 1, Section 8. This power is not shared with anyone, including the President. The President, however, is just as clearly made the Commander inChief of all of the armed forces. To answer your second question <span>Under Article I, Section 8 of the U.S. Constitution, Congress has sole power "to declare war [and] grant letters of marque and reprisal." But </span>Article II<span>, Section 2 provides that "The president shall be </span>Commander-in-Chief<span> of the Army and Navy of the United States."</span>
In 1865 President Andrew Johnson implemented a plan of Reconstruction that gave the white South a free hand in regulating the transition from slavery to freedom and offered no role to blacks in the politics of the South.
