Answer:
<u>b. learning occurs independently of reinforcement</u>
Explanation:
Edward C. Tolman was one of the famous American psychologists who was best known for his research on 'cognitive maps', latent learning theory, cognitive behaviorism, and intervening variable.
According to Tolman, an individual has the capability of doing more than merely responding to certain stimuli, instead, he or she acts on attitudes, beliefs, strive towards specific goals, and a few changing conditions. He was considered as the only behaviorists who don't accept the "stimulus-response theory", as he believed that reinforcement wasn't required for learning.
In the question above, the correct answer is option-b.
What help do you required from us?
Answer:
Desajustes neuroquímicos en el cerebro.
Alteración del humor.
Problemas familiares, relacionales y sociales.
Adicción.
Problemas cardiovasculares.
Defectos en el embarazo.
Disfunción sexual.
Debilitamiento del sistema inmune.
Answer:Steps taken in conflict management that resulted into a positive outcome.
Anger management
Expression of emotions.
Fair judgement to the individuals involved.
Steps taken in conflict management that led to a negative outcome
Imposing peace.
Cause of conflict not solved.
Preferential treatment to vulnerable members.
Explanation:
Evolutionary psychologists have suggested that men are more likely than women to prefer mates with a fertile-looking appearance and less likely than women to prefer mates with wealth and social status.
