Microhabitats are a small scaled environment with all biotic and abiotic factors needed to support its limited variety of organisms in an area.
Answer:
C. Coupled reactions establish an electrochemical gradient across a membrane.
Explanation:
- During cellular respiration in mitochondria, and during photosynthesis in chloroplasts, the electron transport chain requires a proton gradient to pump protons across the membrane by active transport.
- Protons flow back across the membrane by facilitated diffusion through ATP synthase, which utilizes them to phosphorylate ADP to ATP.
- This process of ATP synthesis by harnessing the elctrochemicaal gradient geenrated by the diffusion of protons across the biological membrane through ATP synthase is called chemiosmosis.
Since both aerobic and anaerobic processes can result in the production of CO2, we couldn't be certain that cellular respiration was occurring.
Carbon dioxide:
Carbon dioxide is released during cellular respiration as a waste product. Cells that are capable of photosynthesis can utilize this carbon dioxide to create new carbohydrates. Additionally, oxygen gas is necessary to act as an electron acceptor during the process of cellular respiration.
There are two types of cellular respiration: aerobic (occurring when oxygen is present) and anaerobic (in absence of oxygen).
Now, carbon dioxide is emitted as a byproduct in both types of respiration.
Therefore, determining the rate of aerobic cellular respiration by measuring the amount of carbon dioxide emitted is impossible.
Therefore, to obtain the precise rate, we monitor oxygen rather than carbon dioxide.
Therefore, the correct response is that CO2 is created during both aerobic and anaerobic processes; we were unable to confirm if cellular respiration was occurring.
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Amino acids are acids on one hand, and a base on the other hand.
<h3>What is an acid?</h3>
An acid is a substance that produces hydrogen or hydroxonium ions as the only positively charged ion when it ionizes.
All amino acids have an amine group -
and a carboxylic group -
.
The carboxylic group ionizes such that:
The presence of the amine group enables amino acids to also act as a base.
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Answer:
Explanation:
Sister chromatids are regarded as replicated chromosomes. Sister chromatids are two identical copies of chromosomes held at the centromere that are formed as a result of replication. They are identical in the sense that they contain same alleles/gene sequence of the same genes.
Homologous chromosomes, on the other hand, are similar (in length, centromere position) but non-identical chromosomes. Homologous are non-identical in the sense that they may contain different alleles of a gene and are received from each parent. homologous chromosome contain four chromatids; two of which are sister chromatids and non-sister to the other two.
Both undergo meiosis where homologous chromosomes separate in meiosis I while sister chromatids separate in meiosis II but only sister chromatids undergo mitosis.
