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so first off for the ratios
if you were to find them on a graph, you would want to find a slope. The slope is your ratio pretty much
if you were to find them for a table, you would have to see what the question is asking. if it asking like what is the amount of people vs animals per square mile, you would find people on the table and then go down to square mile as opposed to square feet or some other variable. Then you will put what they are asking first and then what they are asking second. here ill show you an example if it is to confusing what i just said. if there are 50 animals per square mile and 150 people per square mile, and the question asked you what is the ratio between people and animals, you would answer 150/50, BUT you have to simplify. 3/1 would be you answer.
next off for the transformation
if there was a triangle at the points 5,3|4,6|5,5| and you wanted to translate it 5 units up and 6 units to the left, all you do is think about this. up and down are changes in the y, left and right are changes in the x axis. left and down are negative changes, up and right are positive changes.
so you would apply that thinking to ALL the points. it would look something like the picture below.
finally, for the shaded area of figures
lets take a abstract figure. say that we shade the upper left hand corner, and it will look something like the picture below. If you want to find the area of the figure, you would have to isolate it. Then you would multiply the width by the length and get 2.
i really hope this helps on your exam. good luck!
