Answer:
They lower the activation energy of the reaction
Explanation:
Enzymes are proteinous biochemical molecules that serve as catalyst in living systems. They speed up the rate of biochemical reactions by lowering the activation energy of the reaction they are involved in.
As this question describes, enzymes possess an active site, which the substrate binds to yield products. The enzymes make the reaction faster by reducing the activation energy of the reaction, which is the energy needed to start a reaction.
Three factors that affect the biodiversity in an ecosystem
include area, diversity of niches, and climate. Keystone species
also have a large effect.
Answer:
a
Explanation:
because none of the other ones apply to this situation
The mechanism of action of Bordetella pertussis is to stop the cilia of epithelial cells from beating.
<em>Bordetella pertussis</em> is a pathogenic, gram-negative bacteria. It is the causative agent of highly communicable respiratory disease known as pertussis or whooping cough.
The mechanism of action of Bordetella pertussis:
- This bacterium colonizes the ciliated epithelial cells of the respiratory airways of the host.
- A surface protein on the bacteria called filamentous haemagglutinin adhesin binds to sulfatides on the cilia of epithelial cells. When the bacterium is anchored, it releases tracheal cytotoxin, which prevents the cilia from beating.
- As a result, the cilia in an organism's lungs are unable to sweep out foreign material, and the body reacts by causing the host to cough. When people cough, bacteria are released into the air, where they might spread to other hosts.
- Another toxin called the pertussis toxin, often known as PTx, prevents adenylate cyclase from using ATP to convert to cyclic AMP. This results in over-conversion of ATP to cyclic AMP, which may interfere with cellular signaling systems. As a result, phagocytes are unable to respond to an infection effectively.
Know more about <em>Bordetella pertussis</em> here:
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