Prevent is to keep or prevent something from happening or arising.
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A counterclaim is a claim made to rebut a previous claim. It is important to have a claim in an essay so it builds up the conflict or "turning point" of the story, and that's what interests the readers.
Foreshadowing, a literary element, is most present in the following lines by Artemidorus. Thus, option (b) is correct.
What is Artemidorus?
Ephesius, sometimes known as Artemidorus Daldianus, was a professional diviner who lived in the second century AD. The Oneirocritica or Oneirokritikon, a five-volume Greek work by him, is still in existence. He appears in the Geographer's eleventh book. The year was AD 2nd.
The phrase foreshadowing refers to signals to the author about what the work is about. The story was written in the expected manner. They were the author's hints and clues. The obvious ingredient was Artemidorus, and the hints were tied to Caesar.
As a result, the foreshadowing, a literary element, is most present in the following lines by Artemidorus. Therefore, option (b) is correct.
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...For one, because the landmass was covered in ice...but also because they didn't have the tools. So even if the the conditions for plant life was to be met, they'd still have to fertilize the land they were trying to cultivate. A good way for that to happen is for decomposition of animals or some other way...problem was, was that instead of animals decomposing and fertilizing the land, they were being frozen...