The answer is the first one.
In "Writers often disavow the notion of a 'literary duty'" the author conveys a somewhat condescending attitude, as if they would always follow this and set aside anyone who said otherwise. This attitude says the author is looking down on them, and that the author believes that many authors do not meet their standards.
Another answer I would consider is "...writers ruined by their shrill commitments." However, there is no context or clear tone. The author could be mournful of the lost potential for all we know.
British colonialism helped spread the English language in all the colonies, and it became the dominant mother tongue of some colonial settlements.
<h3>What is British colonialism?</h3>
British colonialism refers to the practice by which Britain directly occupied and controlled some less powerful countries, using their new lands' resources to increase their power and wealth.
It also involves the introduction of foreign practices and rules to new lands.
The main characteristics of British colonialism included:
- Political and legal domination
- Economic and political dependence
- Resources exploitation.
Thus, British colonialism helped spread the English language and increased the impact of English literature in the world.
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