1answer.
Ask question
Login Signup
Ask question
All categories
  • English
  • Mathematics
  • Social Studies
  • Business
  • History
  • Health
  • Geography
  • Biology
  • Physics
  • Chemistry
  • Computers and Technology
  • Arts
  • World Languages
  • Spanish
  • French
  • German
  • Advanced Placement (AP)
  • SAT
  • Medicine
  • Law
  • Engineering
MrRa [10]
3 years ago
15

What was happening in russia in the 1800s?

History
1 answer:
mestny [16]3 years ago
3 0

Russia fought the Crimean War (1853-56) with Europe's largest standing army, and Russia's population was greater than that of France and Britain combined, but it failed to defend its territory, the Crimea, from attack. This failure shocked the Russians and demonstrated to them the inadequacy of their weaponry and transport and their economic backwardness relative to the British and French.

Being unable to defend his realm from foreign attack was a great humiliation for Tsar Nicholas I, who died in 1855 toward the end of the war. He was succeeded that year by his eldest son, Alexander II, who feared arousing the Russian people by an inglorious end to the war. But the best he could do was a humiliating treaty, the Treaty of Paris – signed on March 30, 1856. The treaty forbade Russian naval bases or warships on the Black Sea, leaving the Russians without protection from pirates along its 1,000 miles of Black Sea coastline, and leaving unprotected merchant ships that had to pass through the Bosporus and Dardanelles straits. The treaty removed Russia's claim of protection of Orthodox Christians within the Ottoman Empire, and it allowed the Turks to make the Bosporus a naval arsenal and a place where the fleets of Russia's enemies could assemble to intimidate Russia.

In his manifesto announcing the end of the war, Alexander II promised the Russian people reform, and his message was widely welcomed. Those in Russia who read books were eager for reform, some of them with a Hegelian confidence in historical development. These readers were more nationalistic than Russia's intellectuals had been in the early years of the century. Devotion to the French language and to literature from Britain and Germany had declined since then. The Russians had been developing their own literature, with authors such as Aleksandr Pushkin (1799-1837), Nicolai Gogol (1809-62), Ivan Turgenev (1818-83) and Feodor Dostoievski (1821-81). And Russian literature had been producing a greater recognition of serfs as human beings.

In addition to a more productive economy, many intellectuals hoped for more of a rule of law and for an advance in rights and obligations for everyone – a continuation of autocracy but less arbitrary. From these intellectuals came an appeal for freer universities, colleges and schools and a greater freedom of the press. "It is not light which is dangerous, but darkness," wrote Russia's official historian, Mikhail Pogodin.

And on the minds of reformers was the abolition of serfdom. In Russia were more the 22 million serfs, compared to 4 million slaves in the United States. They were around 44 percent of Russia's population, and described as slaves. They were the property of a little over 100,000 land owning lords (pomeshchiki). Some were owned by religious foundations, and some by the tsar (state peasants). Some labored for people other than their lords, but they had to make regular payments to their lord, with some of the more wealthy lords owning enough serfs to make a living from these payments.

Russia's peasants had become serfs following the devastation from war with the Tartars in the 1200s, when homeless peasants settled on the land owned by the wealthy. By the 1500s these peasants had come under the complete domination of the landowners, and in the 1600s, those peasants working the lord's land or working in the lord's house had become bound to the lords by law, the landowners having the right to sell them as individuals or families. And sexual exploitation of female serfs had become common.

It was the landowner who chose which of his serfs would serve in Russia's military – a twenty-five-year obligation. In the first half of the 1800s, serf uprisings in the hundreds had occurred, and serfs in great number had been running away from their lords. But in contrast to slavery in the United States, virtually no one in Russia was defending serfdom ideologically. There was to be no racial divide or Biblical quotation to argue about. Those who owned serfs defended that ownership merely as selfish interest. Public opinion overwhelmingly favored emancipation, many believing that freeing the serfs would help Russia advance economically to the level at least of Britain or France. Those opposed to emancipation were isolated – among them the tsar's wife and mother, who feared freedom for so many would not be good for Russia.

You might be interested in
Which of the following statements is FALSE?
Stolb23 [73]

Answer:ANSWER IS A

Explanation:

6 0
3 years ago
Was it possible for the US to definitively win the Vietnam war?
Zanzabum

Answer:

When talking about the Vietnam War, it is necessary to make a distinction between the military results and the social impact of the conflict. Thus, in 1973, when the Vietnam War came to an end with an American defeat, things were going relatively well for the United States in the military field. In other words, several victories had been obtained in specific battles, although the guerrilla war continued to cause several headaches for the American soldiers. Therefore, the war was ended rather by antiwar social pressure that saw the conflict as a meaningless conflict in which America had no genuine interest and in which the lives of young Americans had no reason to be risked. Therefore, if it had not given in to social pressure, most likely America would have ended up winning the war.

7 0
3 years ago
Which european country first established a colony stretching from manhattan island up the hudson river?
WITCHER [35]
The Netherlands............
7 0
3 years ago
How did Hitler and Mussolini lift their nations out of economic crisis?
Leya [2.2K]
Correct me if I am wrong but I believe it was by building up their military forces, they increased industrial production and lowered unemployment. It was only a temporary success.
4 0
3 years ago
What does the scene above depict? a. a volunteer army that had halted the Prussian invasion in 1792-1793 b. a scene from the Fre
OlgaM077 [116]

Answer:

Option C

Explanation:

The scene depict the revolt to overthrow the monarchical line after Napoleon.

During the French Revolution (1789–1799), King Louis XVI of the House of Bourbon was overthrown and executed which paved way for Napoleon as ruler of France. However,after Napoleon's abdication, the monarchy was restored with the Bourbons in power again. King Louis XVIII ascended the throne in the Bourbon Restoration of the monarchy and ruled as a constitutional monarchy.

A revolt started to overthrow the monarchical line after Napoleon escaped from his exile and which briefly restored Napoleon French Empire in his Hundred Days campaign.

3 0
3 years ago
Read 2 more answers
Other questions:
  • Which of these areas did the Vikings plunder?
    10·1 answer
  • Asian products have struggled to compete in Western markets is it true or false
    12·1 answer
  • Which of the following CORRECTLY states the relationship between the federal and state judiciaries?
    11·2 answers
  • Which statement best describes how the Homestead Act helped lead to the
    10·1 answer
  • Explain the european colonization in the 1700s. Who, What, Where, Why
    5·1 answer
  • PLS HELP WILL GIVE BRAINLIEST
    6·1 answer
  • Is it true that native Americans hunt Buffalo for profit
    15·1 answer
  • HELP this is due at 11:59
    7·1 answer
  • What was a criticism made of George H.W. Bush's New World Order?
    10·2 answers
  • Tahqiq-i-hind is a famous ___​
    6·1 answer
Add answer
Login
Not registered? Fast signup
Signup
Login Signup
Ask question!