Prior to the ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States, The Bill of Rights ( the first 10 Amendments to the Constitution) only applied to the Federal government. This meant that states were not obliged to adopt the Amendments and the laws that came as a result of them.
After the Civil War ended, the Fourteenth Amendment was created and ratified, the Bill of Rights was now applicable not only to federal courts but also to state ones. This meant that citizens were now more protected, as federal and states obligations are the same in most cases.
Answer: The document that has the most influence on the development of the United States is Magna Carta
Explanation: Magna Carta exercised a strong influence both on the United States Constitution and on the constitutions of the various states.
Frankfort school
Critical theory is a school of thought which emphasizes the contemplative evaluation and analysis of society and culture by implementing principles from the humanities and social sciences.
As a phase, critical theory has two definitions with different sources and histories: The first introduced in sociology and the second introduced in literary criticism.
Critical theory is used and implemented in the sense which can describe a philosophy founded upon critique. Thus, the scholar Max Horkheimer explained a theory as critical which attempts "to release human beings from the conditions that enslave them".
Answer:
JOHN PYNCHON commenced his mercantile career in trade with the Indians of the upper Connecticut Valley in 1652, a traffic that dominated the economic life of western Massachusetts for almost half a century after the first English settlement. He received all of his training from his father, William Pynchon, a founder of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, who made the fur trade his principal enterprise from 1636 to 1652, when he returned to England, where he spent the restof his life. The fur trade reached its height in the late fifties, and though it then declined, the son’s efforts to sustain it continued for more than a decade. The commerce of New Englanders in beaver and other peltry was of prime importance to the colonial economy, and until 1676 the Connecticut Valley was one of the few important fur-trading regions.
