The English Channel is 560 km (350 miles).
In the early 1800s, the US was relatively new (25 years old), and so had not developed into an industrial economy. Cotton farming was widespread during the period as the conditions in the south permitted it, it was vital for the industrial revolution in Europe and was easily grown and cultivated.
So basically Cotton farming is your answer :)
The fall of Constantinople
No. At first it wasn't and then slowly they started to realize how bad it was and created laws and etc to protect the working class.
The Israels were Jewish, while the Palestinians were Muslim.