The effect of the 16th Amendment was that b) It granted Congress the
power to tax incomes. The 16th Amendment to the United States
Constitution allowed Congress to levy taxes without apportioning it to
that specific state or basing it on the United States Census
(apportioning it to the state and according to their respective numbers)
and this included all taxes except income tax.
Muslim nobles subjected most Muslims to a miserable, difficult life of serfdom. Christians from the Byzantine Empire continually tried to convert Muslims to Christianity.
