Magna Carta Libertatum (Medieval Latin for "the Great Charter of the Liberties"), commonly called Magna Carta (also Magna Charta; "Great Charter"), is a charter of rights agreed to by King John of England at Runnymede, near Windsor, on 15 June 1215. First drafted by the Archbishop of Canterbury to make peace between the unpopular King and a group of rebel barons, it promised the protection of church rights, protection for the barons from illegal imprisonment, access to swift justice, and limitations on feudal payments to the Crown, to be implemented through a council of 25 barons. Neither side stood behind their commitments, and the charter was annulled by Pope Innocent III, leading to the First Barons' War. After John's death, the regency government of his young son, Henry III, reissued the document in 1216, stripped of some of its more radical content, in an unsuccessful bid to build political support for their cause. At the end of the war in 1217, it formed part of the peace treaty agreed at Lambeth, where the document acquired the name Magna Carta, so the Magna Carta ia a charter of liberties to which the English barons forced King John to give his assent in June 1215 at Runnymede and a document constituting a fundamental guarantee of rights and privileges.
Magna Carta has been the most significant early influence on the extensive historical process that led to the rule of constitutional law today in the English speaking world and France. Magna Carta influenced the development of the common law and many constitutional documents, including the United States Constitution.
The amendments to the Constitution that Congress proposed in 1791 were strongly influenced by state declarations of rights, particularly the Virginia Declaration of Rights of 1776, which incorporated a number of the protections of the 1689 English Bill of Rights and Magna Carta.
<span>This Date in Native History: On September 4, 1886, the great Apache warrior Geronimo surrendered in Skeleton Canyon, Arizona, after fighting for his homeland for almost 30 years. He was the last American Indian warrior to formally surrender to the United States.</span><span>Sep 4, 2013</span>
In what matter do you mean this ?
Japanese castles were built mainly with stone and wood. These evolved from the wooden buildings of previous centuries to the forms that arose at the end of the 16th century using the stone at the base of the castle. The high stone foundations, covert walls of lime and the organization of the buildings within the complex, are the standard elements of any Japanese castle.
One of the most important defensive elements of the Castle is the labyrinth with various paths that led to the main tower. The Castle has a complex of doors and walls very organized in its interior, and that had as objective to confuse the invading forces and attack them in a faster and more efficient way, due to the intricate roads towards the main tower. The elaborate defensive measures of the castle represent the best strategic design that occurred in that period.
The small openings in the walls that line the road would allow the defenders to bombard their enemies with anything. The doors, including the luxurious Hishi Gate, were constructed with narrow openings to prevent the advance of large groups. Even the white walls were a measure of defense: the plaster covering of the wooden structure helped protect the building and its occupants against fire, as did the ceramic tiles. With this combination of tactical circulation and defensive materials, Himeji Castle was not just an elegant palace: it was an almost impenetrable fortress.
They extracted the skull out of one of their dead
