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3 years ago

Which best describes the purpose and outcomes of the Third Crusade?

2 answers:

6 0

“pope urban ii called for crusaders to protect pilgrims and defend the holy land, resulting in europeans recapturing jerusalem.”

The Fist Crusade took place in 1095 until 1099 and the purpose was to recover Holy Land (Jerusalem) from the Muslim control. Pope Urban II convoked for the 1st crusade during the Council of Clermont in 1095 and Jerusalem was re-conquered in 1099. During the Council of Clermont, Pope Urban II addressed the crowd urging them to fight and protect holy places such as the tomb of Jesus and the Holy Sepulcher.

grin007 [14]3 years ago

5 0

The correct answer is A. British king Richard I, the Lionheart, attacked and defeated Saladin’s forces at Arsuf but failed to take Jerusalem, seen by many as a loss for the papacy.

Explanation

The third crusade was a confrontation that broke out after the occupation of Jerusalem at the hands of Saladin, which caused the popes Gregory VIII and Clement III to call for a new crusade, which was preached by William, archbishop of Tire. This call was attended by the kings Federico I, Barbarossa, Emperor of Germany, Felipe Augusto of France, and Ricardo I of England, Corazón de León.

This crusade took place in two stages:

The first stage (1189-1190): This expedition, led by Federico Barbarossa, left Regensburg and headed for Constantinople, which was governed by Isaac II Angelo, with whom he had previously agreed with an alliance. However, Frederick betrayed him and seized Filipolis and Andrinopolis, attacked Constantinople, and conquered Iconium. Federico died "accidentally", drowned in the Cidno river (Tarsus, Turkey). His son, Federico de Suabia, took command of the weakened troops, who could only reach San José de Acre and died shortly after. Meanwhile, Guido de Lusignan attempted to recapture Acre by besieging the city but failed.

The second stage (1190-1192): It was directed by Felipe II Augusto and Ricardo Corazón de León. Felipe sailed from Genoa and Ricardo from Marseille. Due to disagreements arisen between both armies, Felipe left for San Juan de Acre. Ricardo took another route and was forced to take refuge in Cyprus due to bad weather, so he later arrived in Acre. Upon learning of the crusader presence in that city, Saladin appeared with his army. The French and the English defeated him and secured the city. Due to the shortage of resources, Ricardo was forced to assassinate the prisoners of war. Both kings disputed who should rule the city. In the absence of consensus, Philip embarked and returned to France.

Despite having a diminished army, Ricardo managed to conquer Jafa, and being unable to take Jerusalem he concentrated on consolidating the already conquered cities.

In 1191, Saladin faced Ricardo in the Battle of Arsuf, after hours of heavy fighting, Saladin's troops withdrew from the battlefield. Both leaders, aware of their rival's ability to rearm and lead, decided to agree to an armistice with which free access to Jerusalem was guaranteed for merchants and pilgrims. Furthermore, the Holy Sepulcher was opened without the payment of tribute to Christians. The Crusaders maintained control of a strip of coastline between Jafa and Tire. Ricardo returned to England without having fulfilled the main objective of the expedition (to reconquer Jerusalem). Thus ended the Third Crusade. So, the correct answer is A. British king Richard I, the Lionheart, attacked and defeated Saladin’s forces at Arsuf but failed to take Jerusalem, seen by many as a loss for the papacy.

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What was the state of the French government during Napoleon's exile?

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Napoléon Bonaparte(15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821), usually referred to as simply Napoleon in English, was a French military and political leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led several successful campaigns during the Revolutionary Wars. He was the de facto leader of the French Republic as First Consul from 1799 to 1804. As Napoleon I, he was Emperor of the French from 1804 until 1814 and again in 1815. Napoleon dominated European and global affairs for more than a decade while leading France against a series of coalitions in the Napoleonic Wars. He won most of these wars and the vast majority of his battles, building a large empire that ruled over continental Europe before its final collapse in 1815. One of the greatest commanders in history, his wars and campaigns are studied at military schools worldwide. He remains one of the most celebrated and controversial political figures in human history.

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3 years ago

Describe the entire process of martin luther and his fight against the catholic church

FromTheMoon [43]

The Catholic Church before the Reformation

Up until the time of the Reformation, many people accepted the Church’s authority on religious matters. The Catholic laity not only controlled matters of religion, they also governed areas of politics and economics. Many Catholic priests and clergy grew rich by allowing people to pay money in order to be forgiven for their sins. Another problem that was occurring was the Catholic Church’s close involvement with the political affairs of Europe. The Catholic Church had immense power all throughout Europe, because it was closely connected to powerful rulers and kingdoms.

The Pope was authorizing monarchs to freely divorce their wives and to marry other women in order to strengthen their alliances and their kingdom’s political position. These were but a few of the problems that many people began to take notice of and speak out against. Martin Luther became a Catholic monk in 1505 because of a life-changing event. A lightning bolt had struck near him on his way home, and he started to look at his life as though God was going to judge him harshly for his sins. He chose to be a monk because of the promise that he made to a St. Anna to keep him from Christ’s judgment. He soon became a well renowned monk by his peers.

Spreading the Ideas that Led to Protestantism

In 1517, Martin Luther posted a 95-page thesis on the door of the Church of Wittenberg. Once this thesis was attached to the door, the ideas contained within it began to spread to the many different parts of Europe. People everywhere used Luther’s ideas to help form their own ideas about God and to start their own church denominations. Protestantism sprang up from this movement and the prominent idea behind this branch of Christianity was justification by faith: that God saved people by faith in Jesus Christ alone.

Conflicting Beliefs

The Catholic Church did not like Luther’s ideas, nor did many kings and emperors. Within a few years, many people all over the continent were breaking away from the Catholic Church and began to worship God in their own way. Many European rulers were making themselves the head of their own churches, and the Pope was also doing everything in his power to maintain the Church’s control. Many people lost their lives during this chaotic period and many religious wars broke out all over Europe. The primary problem was that the Catholic’s were in charge and they didn’t want to let go of the people or their power. People were also being rounded up and killed or jailed. Many people who disagreed with the Catholic Church had to flee their homelands and travel to different parts of Europe to worship as they pleased.

The Spread of the Protestant Reformation

Meanwhile, Martin Luther was steadily promoting his new ideas and constantly printing information that was changing how Europeans believed in God. Luther fueled the Protestant Reformation during the time when European powers were starting to colonize America. The whole notion of leaving America and traveling to another world to worship God on their own terms began to appeal to many people. Many nations were already funding expeditions to the New World ever since Spain established the first American colony. Many European dissenters began to leave England and other parts of Europe in order to travel to America. Once they arrived, they began to separate into their own religious groups and constructed various societies based off their own beliefs and values.

Martin Luther also wrote about separating political power form church power. He espoused the idea that kingdoms should handle the affairs on the Earth but they should not mettle in matters of religion or spirituality. In some of the printed works that he created he spoke out about how kingdoms should wage wars against Turkish powers, but he stated that they should fight a spiritual battle against the Islamic belief through prayer and repentance. Luther’s views on church and governing powers helped to establish a principal for the separation of church and state. Luther’s work on this matter is one of the earliest printed materials about this subject. Luther’s views also helped to establish the doctrine of freedom. Before the Reformation, people did not live their lives according to personal rights to choose as they believed. They had to follow the established order of things from the time they were born up until the time they died but the Protestant Reformation had helped to change this by having people to realize that they were allowed to worship as they pleased. Other freedoms naturally sprang up from this concept as well. It could be argued that First Amendment rights such as the freedom of speech could be tied to Luther’s work.

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1) John Locke contributed to the development of human comprehension, economics, and politics that still influence the operation of public administration nowadays. He explained the concept of a state of nature where every man realies on.

In addition to that, he contributed the most to create the constitutionalism and the separation of powers, expanding the idea of modern executive and legislative power. To finish, he also promoted the idea of property and the basis for prosperity.

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3) Natural rights are based on the universal natural law that every human being share just for being a human being. Given that, those laws cannot be denied or even ruled out by any government. For me, the only natural right that's possible is the property right, which includes the right of own my own body (auto-property) and the properties under my name.

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3 years ago

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