I believe the answer is:
- Through incorporation, the First Amendment applied to state law.
- The Fourteenth Amendment made the Constitution superior to state law.
- The due process clause can be used to incorporate the Bill of Rights.
The decision in Gitlowv. New york is considered to be a landmark decision which put a limitation on the free speech clause under the first amendment and give government more power to stop the free speech is the speech is advocating for violence.
The incorporation of the bill of rights is a doctrine that defends that The Bill of Rights should be applicable and respected by the states of the US.
Initially, the Supreme Court was strict on this matter and the common understanding was that the Bill of Rights should only be respected and followed by the Federal Government - you can see it on Barron vs Baltimore case. After the abolition of slavery and the post-civil war era many rights were granted to people and over time the incorporation doctrine gained strength.
D. The Enlightenment intellectual Benjamin Franklin emptied his pockets into the collection dish after Whitefield's sermon.
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