In McCulloch v. Maryland, SCOTUS determined that Congress did in fact have the power to charter a National Bank and that it was impermissible for Maryland to tax or interfere with instruments of the federal government engaged in permissible activities.
In short, it told the States to take a hike and know their place when it came to federal v. state powers.
Yes. The Founding Fathers were very influenced by the Enlightenment movement, especially by the philosopher John Locke. ... Because of that, the Founding Fathers justified the rebellion against the British.