<u>Answer</u>:
The notion of criminality in the modern world has been deeply affected and vastly shaped by the civil rights movement. But before that it is important to understand that in any given society, especially in the American society there exists an undeniable connection between ethnicity, crime and race. The reason behind this is because the rise of the civil rights movement was deeply motivated by the consistent poverty in the society.
Inequality is more than often closely associated with criminal activities. The American history has seen inequality towards the ethnic minorities when it came to criminality. For instance, an African-American man was found guilty he would be sentenced without a jury. Another such proof of inequality is the fact that only the whites could take a seat amongst the jury.
"De facto" means "in fact, factually" - that something is, indeed, taking place. It is customarily used to denote a situation which is not dictated by law ("de jure") but which happens anyway - so the best answer is A. Law - this segregation is not required by law, but it takes place anyway, for example for financial reasons.
It proves the solution in a real world setting that can be replicated and confirmed by others
