In the Age of New Imperialism that began in the 1870s, European states established vast empires mainly in Africa, but also in Asia and the Middle East. - https://www.tamaqua.k12.pa.us/cms/lib07/PA01000119/Centricity/Domain/119/TheAgeofImperialism.pdf
No they were never married, not but they had an affair
I believe that the answer is C) nationalization, since this is the transfer of industry from private to state control.