Given that a directional hypothesis is a prediction made by a researcher regarding a positive or negative change, relationship, or difference between two variables of a population, a two-tailed test is the perfect tool to validate it because a two-tailed test is designed to examine both sides of a specified data range.
So the final answer to this question is:
True.
answer:
There is no concrete evidence to prove whites are most favorable however, because whites have been the major source of advertisements it almost proves the statement true. Nonetheless, their only reason is whites are more stable and are more likely to offer the media with more money power than any other group of people in the U.S. “When people of color appeared in ads, they often had peripheral roles, appearing in non-speaking “background” roles” (Henderson and Baldasty 2003:102).
Most white characters held the speaking roles in the commercial as the African-Americans characters were the ones in the restaurant in the background (Henderson and Baldasty 2003: 102). In the Henderson and Baldasty article it states that the ads that whites and people of color relates back to the cost or view of the product being advertised. People of color who are in the primary roles of an advertisement are often related back to products that are less expensive like fast food advertisement. Whites in the other hand with primary roles tend are most likely advertising products most associated with most upscale products like cooking at home or expensive cars (Henderson and Baldasty 2003). The media has been a part of the daily life of the American people for the longest time, because of this fact, the media influences the decisions and views of how people should live. One big part of the media that tends to start to develop a sense of how the day-to-day American should live is Disney. Since kids are the main source of Disney’s billion dollar industry children have become an important dimension of the social theory (Giroux 1999: 65). “Within this context, television emerges as a consumer-oriented medium that reflects advertisers’ desire to reach a young, upscale, and primarily White audience” (Goodale1999; Henderson and Baldasty 2003: 100). As a result other races and ethnic groups other than white Americans are often put
Answer to Question 1:
The behaviour of the students who hastily write what they consider a "C" level essay after being repeatedly told they can't make an "A" or "B" is a consequence of Reinforcement.
The answer, therefore, is D.
Explanation:
Reinforcement in behavioural psychology refers to the process of encouraging or entrenching a belief system or pattern of behaviour. It can also be defined as any stimuli which stimulate a thought pattern and engrains the probability of a specific response to a particular stimulus. Reinforcements are usually more effective when it comes from a person of perceived to be in a position of authority.
The high school students were verbally programmed by the instructor, who has the authority to mark their scripts, into thinking they will never be able to make an "A" or a "B". The result is that the students didn't even try to put in efforts that would have led to an A or a B because even if they did, the instructor has the power to ensure that no one score an "A" or a "B".
The challenge here is not that the students couldn't write "A" grade essays. In their mind, there was no point trying given that the ability lay with the instructor to ensure that what he said will happen. In any case, the instructors intended behavioural response was achieved.
2. The correct answer to the question of Acquisition and Extinction as indicated on the graph is B.
The strength of the response increases then decreases over time.
Acquisition happens when a neutral stimulus turns into a conditioned stimulus.
When a behavior begins to diminish or even disappear completely as a result of the gradual removal of a conditioned response, extinction is said to have occurred.
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