C is the answer
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The most apparent cause was the thirty years war. It was a terrible destructive war that spanned from 1618 to 1648. The people thought that they were illuminating human culture and intellect after the middle ages. A lot of historians disagree on when exactly it began, but most would say that it started during the scientific revolution in the 1600s.
1854
The Gadsden Purchase, or Treaty, was an agreement between the United States and Mexico, finalized in 1854, in which the United States agreed to pay Mexico $10 million for a 29,670 square mile portion of Mexico that later became part of Arizona and New Mexico.