Lobbying in the context means steps taken to influence the decisions of the government in order to gain favors or even win contracts or some cases to appeal against an earlier stand of the government as contained in the relevant laws.
As a former Federal employee with Department of Energy,I have two wait for two years before I begin to lobby for my employer in issues relating to the Department of Energy including testifying in hearings on cases between the Department and my employer.
Negative reinforcement refers to the type of reinforcement a form of reinforcement that make a subject become uncomfortable to the point where the subject would do some efforts to avoid or eliminate the negative reinforcement (just like the horrendous ding sound)
