The Civil Rights Movement’s goals, strategies, and support began changing as new victories and defeats in the movement transformed the message of social and political equality to one that began encompassing economic empowerment for the Black community. The 1950's-1960's was a span of two decades of radical changes in the infrastructure of American political and social spheres. From the mid 50's to 60's, the fight for civil rights was led primarily by leaders advocating nonviolence and civil disobedience.
After the Civil War, in which slavery was abolished, segregation set in in full force and those slaves who were freed were denied their basic rights, including the right to vote, with a series of arguments that established supposed inferiority due to race on the part of African Americans, by whites. The movement strengthened its efforts and it became so effective, that it achieved its political, social and economic goals through the passing of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which also led to the institution of the Voting Rights Act in 1965 and then the Fair Housing Act of 1968. These laws strengthened the federal government's power to regulate state government's denial of civil rights.
The Civil War era was a period of great economic, political, and social upheaval in American history. Due to the war, the whole of the South's economic structure was literally destroyed.
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<span>The colonies needed to trade with each other to keep things going. The South grew cash crops, which they sold to the North. The North grew more food and shipped it around to the other colonies. Some states got much more commerce from other countries and had to ship it to landlocked states. The basically needed each other for resources.</span>
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Although the Turks favored neutrality in the conflict germinating between the Central Powers of Germany and Austria and the allied countries of England, France, and Russia, Enver Pasa, who declared himself war minister in 1914, favored cooperation with the Germans.
In the summer of 1914, Enver Pasa signed a secret peace treaty with the Germans promising naval assistance in the face of Russian aggression in the Black Sea. Two months later, the Ottoman Empire was dragged into a war. With the Arab revolts in the east and the Russians on the northern border, the Turks were surrounded by hostile forces. Atatürk's legendary defense of Gallipoli in 1915 succeeded in saving the Straits, and therefore Istanbul, from invasion. But Turkish forces were no match for Allied tanks, automatic weapons, and airplanes. On October 30, 1918, the Turks, represented by the CUP government, agreed to an armistice with England and France.
The Treaty of Sèvres was signed on August 20, 1920 by the government of Mehmet VI. Under the treaty, the Ottomans relinquished all European territories except for a small area around Istanbul. Armenia and Kurdistan gained autonomy, Greece was assigned the administration of the region around Izmir, and French and Italian troops were left to occupy portions of the rest of Anatolia. Control of Turkish finances was taken over by the Allies. But the treaty was to be short-lived.
Turkish Statehood
Spurred on by defeat and foreign occupation, nationalists established pockets of resistance called "Defense of Rights" groups. Atatürk -- who was already an active nationalist, having taken part in the CUP overthrow of 1909 -- began organizing various nationalist factions, with the twin goals of recognition of a national movement and the liberation of Anatolia from foreign occupation.
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