Vertical. Many rocks in mountainous areas can be vertical or even overturned.
Each system is unique, yet each interacts with the others.
For continental U.S. the answer is never. Since the earth's rotation axis is tilted 23.5 degrees with respect to its orbital motion around the su, one would have to be less than 23.5 degrees above or below the equator to have the sun pass direclty overhead
Yes topaz is natural and formed and earth.
They thought that it might keep them safe from harm.