Imagery, emotional language, amplification
Sin or public health taxes are excise taxes imposed on the consumption of potentially harmful goods for health [sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), tobacco, alcohol, among others], aiming to reduce consumption, raise additional revenue and/or improve population health. This paper assesses the extent to which sin taxes (a) can reduce consumption of potentially harmful goods, (b) raise revenue for national health systems and (c) contribute to population health in Latin America. A systematic literature review was conducted on peer-reviewed and grey literature; endpoints included: impact of raising sin taxes on consumption, ability to raise revenue for health and the possibility of population health improvements. Risk of bias for each study was assessed. The synthesis of the literature on sin tax implementation showed improvements in all three endpoints across the study countries. Following the introduction of sin taxes or by simulating their potential impact, nearly all studies explicitly reported that consumption of potentially harmful goods (mainly SSBs and tobacco) declined; revenue was found to have increased in almost all countries, suggesting that there may be additional scope for further tax increase. Simulated improvements in population health have also been shown, by demonstrating a relationship between sin tax increases and reduction in prevalence of diabetes, stroke, heart attacks and associated deaths. However, sin tax effects on health would be better quantified over the long-term. Data quality and availability challenges did place some limitations on sin tax impact assessment. Sin taxes can be effective in reducing consumption of potentially harmful goods, improve population health and generate additional revenue. Promoting further research on this topic should be a priority.
A. It would be completely unexpected for someone to marry someone that they are not in love with.
Answer:
- <u><em>The bureau shall notify the public of a proposed action.</em></u>
Explanation:
The original sentence is in passive voice: the public is not performing the action but receiving it. The passive voice uses the verb 'to be' + the past participle of the main verb: "shall be" + "notified".
The focus of a passive voice sentence is on the object and not on the subject: the public is the object; they will receive the act of the subject which is the bureau.
To change the passive voice to <em>active voice</em>, place the person who performs the action in the first part and change the tense of the verb to active form.
The subject that performs the action is the bureau. Thus, the active voice is:
- <u>The bureau shall notify the public of a proposed action.</u>
<u></u>
Now, the focus of the sentence is on who performed the action; thus, this is the <em>active voice</em>.
