Answer:
establish courts, make and enforce laws, and collect taxes are all the ones I can think of.
Immigrants from japan first came in the 1860s
Answer:
The Athens had an elected government (democracy), while the Spartans had a thing called Oligarchy (basically being ruled by a few). The Athens valued art and stuff while the Spartans valued the military.
Answer:
The Whigs went up to go against Andrew Jackson's democratic party.
I think this is right, sorry if it's not.