The only Europeans that were allowed to trade with the Japanese following the expulsion of all christians were the Dutch.
During the Sakoku, the isolationist foreign policy of the Tokugawa shogunate, the only contact with european influence allowed was with the Dutch who had a factory at Dejima in Nagasaki, and through the Dutch East India Company who was allowed to operate in Nagasaki.
Temperance
The temperance movement began in the 1920s with the purpose of restraining the sale and use of alcohol. this actually took many people to create and develop some forms of black market and hidden club in order to avoid the limitation or moving altogether in a place where the limitation did not exist in the first place.
On August 25, 1916, President Woodrow Wilson signed the act creating the National Park Service, a new federal bureau in the Department of the Interior responsible for protecting the 35 national parks and monuments then managed by the department and those yet to be established.
Rivalry
Colonial and imperialistic ambitions was a major contributor of rivalry and hostility that beheld western Europe in the decades before ww1. Each of the nations was seeking to out do each in strategic colonies such as Egypt, east africa,India and some provinces in Europe such as Alasce and Lorraine.
Since during the Louisiana Purchase, we purchased so much land(technically the whole entire United States). Manifest destiny is our belief to spread from sea to shining sea so, we were motivated to expand to that new land we purchased. That would make the thirteen colonies less crowded and over populated.
