That was called the Roman Republic. consisting of two Consuls, elected yearly, a Senate, with a life term, and an assembly.
The answer is charcoal cooking fires.
Continental System, buddy. Look it up
Many terrorist organizations are nationalists by another name.
Nationalist groups want freedom or independence from what they perceive as a outside power or force. Many terrorist organizations are formed to overthrow a government or gain access to nationalist state. ISIS for example wants an independent Islamic State which is free of Western influence. The Ku Klux Klan is a white nationalist group and also a domestic terrorist organization. Much of the terminology is perspective.