In 1846, the planet Neptune was discovered after its existence was predicted because of discrepancies between calculations and data for the planet Uranus. Astronomers found the new planet almost exactly at the position predicted by the calculations of Urbain Jean Leverrier.
I believe answer b is the most suitable for this question.
Governments are responsible for providing services that individuals cannot effectively provide for themselves, such as military defense, fire and police departments, roads, education, social services, and environmental protection.
I would say D the Billingsella Corrugata, it IS in the oldest recorded time line, so by theory, it's the oldest (Don't quote me on that, I'm not %100)
Earthshine is even more faint because the moon's "albedo" (a specific kind of reflectivity) is less than Earth's. Even though this dim light is only a reflection it can still illuminate some features of the moon. Earthshine can be best seen during the crescent phases (the 1-5 day period before or after a New Moon).
