Here's an attachment with the answer key to all of your questions.
B.by refusing to accept any other arguments
Hi
Grandfather gave me courage = SVIO
S V I O
Pugs are the most adorable dogs
dogs = predicate nominative (it identifies the noun "Pugs" and it's after the verb be ...it could be after a linking verb too)
Ms Jackson graded the tests and the portfolios
tests and portfolios = compound direct object (it answers to the question What did Ms Jackson graded ??)
hope I helped !!
it means exactly on time. not a second off
Answer:
a. soft. none of the other words would make sense
