The battle of Tours united Christians against Islamic expansion and this among the following events allowed Christianity to act as a unifying force in Medieval Europe. The correct option among all the options given in the question is the last option or option "d".
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The Chaldeans became traders because they had easy access to others regions by way of the Mediterranean sea and the Persian Gulf, which their empire bordered.
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D. The temperance movement
Temperance groups were responsible for the passage of prohibition which banned the sale and consumption of alcohol.